How Will Historians Remember The 21st Century - 1880 Words

How will historians remember the 21st Century? I believe that it will be known, when the dust has finally settled, as the Century of the End of Work. Let me explain. A number of authors think (1) that we are entering an economy in which, due to advances in robotics, artificial intelligence, and 3-D printing, the marginal cost of most manufactured items will fall close to zero. Consider software: while Windows 10 cost millions of dollars to develop, the cost to Microsoft to pushing out another copy over the internet is essentially nonexistent – about 20 minutes on a virtual server that is probably running dozens of instances of Windows. Consider the 3-D printed car. Once the printer is programmed, depending on the cost of materials, the car is very inexpensive. Consider agriculture. This would seem to be an area resistant to automation and robotics. After all, picking strawberries is labor-intensive. But consider combines and harvesters – wheat cultivation and harvesting of grain and straw is essentially all mechanized now. Consider artificial intelligence. There are enormously erudite and complex debates about whether an AI can become conscious, and the dangers that might arise from that consciousness. These individuals either ignore the question of what consciousness is, or founder on the attempt to find a definition. (â€Å"Being able to produce a narrative about what one is doing while doing it† is perhaps as good a definition as any.) Bill Gates, Elon Musk, Steven Hawking,Show MoreRelatedCan Oral History Be Trusted1444 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Can Oral History be Trusted† ? The 21st Century, a time we live in where nearly everything is documented. Whether it be written and put into archives or posted on Facebook. Things were much different in the early stage of man up until now. The cave people documented things by writing on walls, but can this be trusted? Even documents that have been written down cannot be trusted so can stories or myths have been written by people in their own diaries or in letters so loved ones be trusted? EssentiallyRead MoreIs Pop Culture Really Making Us Dumb?852 Words   |  4 Pagesthat television and social media actually educate us, and even say things that should be said, but never do. With the rise of all these new types of media in the 21st century like Hollywood films, new TV shows, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, etc. the question is, Is Pop culture actually good for you? Since the start of the 21st century new TV shows and social media have been on the rise. For example Steven Johnson brings up the hit drama 24 that used to come on Fox, the show focused on terrorismRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : A Day By Day Chronicle Of A Community Under Siege Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Watertown Historical Commission board, she also is an active board member and a curator of the Salem Witch Museum. She has multiple books that have been published about the Salem and the trials that occurred in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. She also holds a fine arts degree from the Massachusetts College of Art. Roach spent 20 years researching archival collections, and discovered that many recent books on the subject are either inaccurate or unsubstantiated about the trials. A lotRead MoreHow Croquet Became A Social Pastime During The 19th Century1344 Words   |  6 Pages The game originally made use of a ball and a mallet Some historians say croquet was intended to be played over a broad playing field; like golf As with any game, there have been revisions made to the standard set of rules and regula1ions in order to keep a game popularized and alluring. John Jaques surely took the role in reproducing the game and made edits in 1857, 1860, and 1864. Croquet became a social pastime during the 17th century, as it was one of few games that could be played by both sexesRead MoreWicca a Religion Based on Earth and Gods Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesthe New Testament. Hence Christians are lead to believe to transform witches or pagans to Christianity. By the scripture, Christians are taught from promotion of fear and years of misunderstanding of Wicca, as well other pagan religions. This is how the elders of the Christian church got people to believe that Witches are bad with the thought process of Devil worship. During the era of the Roman times, Christianity started to grow and the Church went after Pagans and Witches. Witches convertRead MoreA Radical Analysis And Argument On The Issue Of Lgbtq Rights Movement1733 Words   |  7 PagesWithin this essay, the main focus will be to improve a radical analysis and argument in relation to the topic of LGBTQ rights movements. Injustice has developed during the centuries to be a main problem around the world, especially in the United Sta tes. There are many different issues that injustice addresses. In order to form this, this essay will discuss the history of LGBTQ rights movements since early 1920s. In reference to the position supporting LGBTQ rights movements, the discussion will concentrateRead MoreEffective Teaching Of The Social Studies1440 Words   |  6 Pagesgeography, and history (Minnesota Department of Education, 2013). According to MDE, these standards are necessary as they â€Å"identify the academic knowledge and skills that prepare students for postsecondary education, work, and civic life in the 21st century† (MDE, 2013, p. 1). Effective teachers’ understand that students need to understand â€Å"standard facts, concepts, principles and perspectives that shape social studies, develop deep knowledge in order to make sense of the world, master a body ofRead MoreCivil War Debate On American Rhetoric2775 Words   |  12 Pagestestament to the controversy’s persistence and evol vement in American discourse. The visual, text, and oral sources of the past and present show how controversial an issue, slavery still is in society—it’s an awkward and ignominious stain in American history. The rhetoric of historical figures, historians and average Americans is demonstrative of how the Civil War, made up of multifaceted controversial issues is not dead†¦and not even past. In order to establish why the legacy of the Civil War inducesRead MoreBritish Colonialism Essay example2439 Words   |  10 PagesBritish men died and was evidently the worst British defeat at the hands of a native power in the history of its empire. This was played down by the British crown as nothing more than a minor skirmish, however, since the fall of the British empire, historians have done their share of reviewing, analyzing and critiquing the battle and why is ended in such disaster for the British. The first major piece of work to be written about the Anglo-Zulu war, with a small chapter devoted to the battle of IsandlwanaRead MoreCensorship And Its Effect On Society1680 Words   |  7 Pagesoutlawing all literary and verbal material that ventured to conflict their beliefs. Thus, censorship became the word to erroneously describe the process of selectively removing and adding content to a literary aspect as an act of cultural abridgment. How then, does the belligerent stance of censorship afflict society? The answer lies embedded into the patchwork of nearly every war in human history: the semantic barrier of mistranslation. Because censorship involves changing a disagreeable literary work

Kant s Theory Of Morality - 2250 Words

Previous philosophical ideas of morality suggest that humans are rational beings whose actions are motivated by passions. They also suggest that reason is an essential tool in guiding the passions to realize an end goal. Philosopher Immanuel Kant suggests otherwise. He believes that humans are rational beings whose actions are motivated and caused by reason alone. Kant proposed three basic laws: laws of nature—physical facts, laws of logic—known through pure reason, and laws of morality—giving us freedom to act or not. Kant focuses on the laws of morality and how they are revealed through reason and rationality. He tells us that all rational beings have a rational will that is used for choosing to act in response to reasons. He also explains how a good will is the only absolutely good thing and is what determines morality. Kant’s theory provides the difference between right and wrong, a reliable guide to action, and a particular conception of human nature. I agree with Kant’s theory in that it provides a useful explanation of what constitutes as a right or wrong action based on the application of the moral law. However, I do not believe that his application extends fully to every situation. Kant does not leave room for flexibility, actions are black and white. Morality, however, does not appear to be a universal idea between every person in every situation. I. Kant believes that humans are rational beings and that rationality, or reason, is what drives us to act or notShow MoreRelatedKant s Theory On Morality857 Words   |  4 Pagesgrounded in sympathy and experience. Immanuel Kant, however, is certain that morals should not be derived from experience but from pure reason. I for one believe that neither of these men are entirely correct. Both of their theories on morality are flawed in that one does not account for the human experience and the other takes the human experience too much into account. To begin with Kant’s theory is flawed in that it is founded in pure reason. Deriving morality from pure reason completely negates theRead MoreKant s Theory Of Morality982 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Kant is said by many to be one of the most influential â€Å"thinkers† in the history of Western philosophy (McCormick, n.d.), this being said, most of his theories continue to be taught and are highly respected by society. Kant was a firm believer that the morality of any action can be assessed by the motivation behind it (McCormick, n.d.). In other words, if an action is good but the intention behind the action is not good, the action itself would be considered immoral. Those who follow theRead MoreKant s Theory On Morality1608 Words   |  7 Pagesbe arguing Immanuel Kant’s theory that â€Å"a will is good because it is good in itself† (383). This argument, presented in his work Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, is one of the key ideas brought up to support his theory on morality. I believe that Kant’s argument is essentially correct – however, with every argument comes a set of flaws, and this one is no exception. Section One starts off with a question – is anything good in itself, and if so, what is it? Kant offers to the reader severalRead MoreHobbes And Kant s Theory Of Morality1447 Words   |  6 PagesHobbes and Kant both give a different account of the foundations of morality. Drawing from Hobbes’ Leviathan and Kant’s Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, I will compare their understanding of the foundations of morality. I will discuss the conflicting accounts of the role played by reason versus the role played by desire and inclination in the determination of what is good, evil, right or wrong. Hobbes claims that ordinary experiences establish human beings as self-interested and are drivenRead More Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words   |  4 Pagesof Mill, Kant, Aristotle, Nietzsche, and the ethics of care? III For Mill, the question is what is the relation between his (metaethical) empirical naturalism and his (normative) qualitatively hedonist value theory and his utilitarian moral theory? One place we can see Mill?s empiricism is his treatment, in Chapter III, of the question of why the principle of utility is ?binding?, how it can generate a moral obligation. Compare Mill?s treatment of this question with Kant?s treatmentRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of morality is the rules for right action and prohibitions against wrong acts. Sometimes morality is the single set of absolute rules and prohibitions that are valid for all men at all times and all societies. More loosely, a morality can be any set of ultimate principles, and there may be any number of moralities in different societies. Examples would be don’t cheat, don’t steal, and treat others as you would want to be treated. When dealing with the philosophers take on morality, there areRead MoreKantian Ethics1459 Words   |  6 PagesIn society, morality is defined as the beliefs and ideas of what is right or wrong behaviour. (Can you cite a dictionary?) The teachings of morality also known as moral education is heavily dependent on individuals that have a major impact on one`s life. The teachings usually start from a young age through parents, care givers and educators in society. Due to their influence on young children`s lives it is their responsibility to make certain that young children will learn to make logical decisionsRead MoreEmmanuel Kant and Moral Theory1589 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest contributions to moral theory is the concept of pure practical reason that, as an alternative to moral sense theory or teleological ethics, more positively views the capability of fallible individuals to act morally. Practical reason, the basis of Kantian metaphysics, was revolutionary because it challenged skepticism towards human moral capacities and insisted that the moral faculty is an implicit part of common human reason. Practical reason is an instrumental theory in Kants Metaphysics ofRead MoreThe Moral Value Of Ethics1261 Words   |  6 PagesDeontology Of the many theories non-consequentialism produces, one is called Deontology. This theory states the only way to complete a moral action is by doing ones duty. In Deontology, the end result is irrelevant meaning bad consequences have no affect on the morality of the action. The thesis I will prove is when deciding on the best course of action the principles of Deontology ethics and their emphasis on considerations of doing ones duty, offer effective framework for the moral value ofRead MoreKant And Kant s Categorical Imperative1241 Words   |  5 PagesImmanuel Kant, an 18th-century moral philosopher, had contended that the fundamental principle of morality is the Categorical Imperative, from here will be additionally labeled as (CI) or otherwise mentioned. He supported his view by suggesting a pure moral philosophy; a metaphysics of morals that is not solely for rational beings to explore different ¬ sources of basic moral principles that are found through their own observatio nal experience a priori, but additionally for the sake of morality as it

History Of The Industrialised Building System Construction Essay Example For Students

History Of The Industrialised Building System Construction Essay Steel bordering building is classified as one of the Industrialised Building System. However, Industrialised Building System ( IBS ) is common in building industry in Malaysia. Steel framing is going more common in residential building. The usage of steel for bordering residential building has both advantages and disadvantages. Steel frame elements are manufactured in the mill and so will be transported to a occupation site for installing once it passed the review on it choice criterion. This method has its ain significance and deficit. Construction site take really high attending on the safety facet particularly when the building is running. Safety is an issue that has no terminal and every twelvemonth will hold accidents occurred on building site. However, it can be lead to accidence that may do injured or dead to worker or public. Steel bordering building besides holding their ain hazard and jeopardy in its building procedure during the installing constituent although it was convenient to put in. For illustration steel column base home bases are a cardinal constituent of a steel construction. Poor base home base installing can take to steel columns tipping over, which can do terrible hurts or decease to worker in the country. The experiences contractor on steel bordering installing knows there are processs required to draw off a high degree of quality, client satisfaction and most of import safety. To do installing run swimmingly it is the best to hold experienced worker or else hold a good safety and wellness direction to steer and command the workers to follow with the safety regulations. By the manner, the major job was hapless attitude of the worker and hapless direction system. Aim and Aims The overall aim for this proposal is to look into and measure the safety aspects in steel framing building. The specific aims of this survey are as follows: 1. To analyze the procedure of installing steel bordering constituent. 2. To place the safety facet and the demand during the installing procedure steel bordering constituent at site. 3. To place the degree of safety during installing procedure at site. Problem Statement The Industrialised Building System ( IBS ) is non a new attack in Malaysia. It has been introduced in Malaysia since 1966. However, the most steel bordering building accidents occur because the developer or contractor deficiency of proper planning or utilizing the insecure equipments and do non follow the correct method when installing. Apart from this, insecure site status, non utilizing the safety equipment that was provided, and hapless attitude of workers toward safety during installing procedure besides the issues that causes accident. Therefore, it indicated that there is deficiency of consideration of safety and hazard rating in IBS building. Based on the information from Social Security Organization ( SOCSO ) , Malaysia recorded a distressing addition in the Numberss of accident happening at building site. It shows that a sum of 4654 out of 73858 industrial accidents recorded in 2003 were come from the building industry. ( Mohammed Taher Alashwal, 2008 ) . But it different if used steel bordering system, the statistic from CIDB shows the accidents are 50 % from heavy lifting, 20 % installing, 10 % other factor, and other 10 % from during transit constituent to storage accidents. Scope of survey The range of this survey is focussed on safety facets on installing of Industrialised Building System ( IBS ) which specific in steel framing building. This survey is to place the safety facet during the steel bordering building at the installing phase. The information will be collected from observation, interviews, internet resources, diary and some of the paperss. .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .postImageUrl , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:hover , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:visited , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:active { border:0!important; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:active , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Imagery Of Blood In Macbeth Essay1. This survey covers Industrialised Building System specific in steel framing. 2. This survey identifies the safety demands within the installing phase of steel bordering building. 3. Information will be collected at Kuala Lumpur and Selangor country. Methodology Interview In this research proposal, interviewed is to be conducted with the contractor which are utilizing steel framing system for their undertaking or any other relevant place of staff within building site to acquire the information. 4 to 5 interview inquiry will be set which related to my research aim there are to place the safety facet and demand during the installing procedure of steel bordering constituent at site and to place the degree of safety during installing procedure at site. After that, I will make an sum-up based on the information that I collect from the respondent. Face to confront interview will be conducted and several inquiries will be asked and the reply will be recorded down. Face to confront interview is chosen because it was really convenient for the respondent and interviewee to discourse and different day of the month aggregation techniques can be used for illustration open-ended inquiries and ocular AIDSs can better the apprehension of interviewee. Desktop based reappraisal To better my apprehension and experience to make future thesis, I will utilizing desktop based reappraisal as my secondary informations aggregation techniques which reading through the articles, diary documents, conference documents, books and web sites shoping related to my rubric. Through this method I can hold better apprehension on the procedure of installing steel bordering constituent before I go to the building site visit to make observation. So when I go to the site visit, I can straight travel to the point of the installing procedure and can easy understand the information given by the respondent to acquire the good thought to compose my research. Review of old research and book done by other people besides make me more familiar with the right manner to make research in this subject and besides increase the truth. Observation Besides, observation will as my one of the method to roll up informations to place the degree of safety during installing procedure at site. Besides, I besides will detect on the procedure of installing steel bordering constituent to carry through my nonsubjective. I will do assignment with the contractor which utilizing steel bordering system to hold a site visit at his building site to detect the traveling of undertaking particular in installing procedure of steel bordering system. I besides will take a mention on the ballad out programs for steel frame constituent, steel frame installing usher, and other communications which provide by contractor. The of import of survey Through this research, the contractor which particular on steel bordering building can utilize this as a usher for them to reexamine their safety demand when installing of the steel bordering constituent to cut down the rate of accident of building work in Malaysia.

The Importance Of A Mother Figure In Frankenstein Essays

The Importance Of A Mother Figure In Frankenstein Schuyler Sokolow and Regan Walsh 1/5/00 Frankenstein Essay The Importance of the Absence of a Mother Figure in Frankenstein Frankenstein can be read as a tale of what happens when a man tries to create a child without a woman. It can, however, also be read as an account of a woman's anxieties and insecurities about her own creative and reproductive capabilities. Mary Shelley, in the development and education of the monster, discusses child development and education and how the nurturing of a loving parent is extremely important in the moral development of an individual. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley examines her own fears and thoughts about pregnancy, childbirth, and child development. Pregnancy and childbirth, as well as death, was an important part of Mary Shelley's young adult life. She had four children and a miscarriage that almost killed her all before the age of twenty-five. Only one of her children, Percy Florence, survived to adulthood and outlived her. In June of 1816, when she had the waking nightmare which became the factor of the tale, she was only nineteen and had already had her first two children. Her first child, Clara, was born prematurely on February 22, 1815, and died on March 6 of the same year. Mary, as any woman would be, was devastated by this and took a long time to recover. Mary's second child, William, was born on January 24, 1816. (William died of malaria June 7,1819 .) The time that Mary had the idea for the story, her first child had died and her second was only 6 months old. There is no doubt that she expected to be pregnant again and about six months later she was. Pregnancy and childbearing was in the front of Mary's mind at this po int in her life. Frankenstein is one of the first stories that expresses the anxieties of pregnancy. Obviously male writers avoided this topic and it was considered poor taste for a woman to discuss it. Mary's focus on the birth process allowed men to understand female fears about pregnancy and reassured women that they were not alone with their anxieties. The story expresses Mary's deepest fears: What if my child is born deformed? Could I still love it or would I wish it were dead? What if I can't love my child? Am I capable of raising a healthy, normal child? Will my child die? Could I wish my own child to die? Will my child kill me in childbirth? Mary was expressing her fears related to the death of her first child, her ability to nurture, and the fact that her mother died having her. All of this is expressed in Victor Frankenstein's complete failure in parenting. For approximately nine months Victor Frankenstein labored on the creation of his child. Finally, he witnesses the birth: I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. (Frankenstein, p.51). Instead of reaching out to his child, Victor rushes out of the room, disgusted by the abnormality of his creation. When the creature follows after him, Victor runs away in horror completely abandoning his child. While creating his child, Victor never considered whether this creature would even want to exist. He also didn't take enough care with the creature's appearance. He could not take the time to make small parts so he created a being of gigantic size. Victor never considered how such a creature would be able to exist with human beings. He did not take time with the features either and created a being with a horrifying appearance. Unable to accept his creation, Victor abandons his child and all parental responsibility. He even wish es that his child were dead. I gnashed my teeth, my eyes became inflamed, and I ardently wished to extinguish that life which I had so thoughtlessly bestowed (Frankenstein, p.87) From the moment of the creature's birth, Victor thought of it as a demon and abused it. Frankenstein represents the classic case of an abused and neglected child growing up to be an abuser. The monster's first murder victim is a small child. As Mary Shelley wrote the novel, she began

Abortion Essays (1768 words) - Fertility, Abortion,

Abortion "You wake up in the morning and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious violinist. A famous unconscious violinist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society of Music Lovers have canvassed all the available medical records and found that you alone have the right blood type to help. They have therefore kidnapped you, and last night the violinist's circulatory system was plugged into yours, so that your kidneys can be used to extract poisons from his blood as well as your own. The director of the hospital now tells you, 'Look, we're sorry the Society of Music Lovers did this to you-we would never have permitted it if we had known. But still, they did it, and the violinist is now plugged into you. To unplug him would be to kill him. But never mind, it's only for nine months. By then he will have recovered from his ailment, and can safely be unplugged from you.' Is it morally incumbent on you to accede to this situation?" (Judith Thompson) Judith Thompson goes on to argue that the fetus, like the violinist, has no right to use your body unless you give it to him. Therefore, abortion, in the case of rape at least, is permissible. Let us grant that one may indeed unplug oneself from the violinist. May one take a gun and shoot him in the head? May one cut him into pieces? May one poison him if by doing so he will disconnect in the process? Of course not, that would be immoral. Possibly, you will ask why, because he will die in both cases. Yes, you are the cause of his death in either case. However, in spite of these similarities there is a difference. The man is sick. If you unplug yourself from him, he will die from his sickness. For if, he was not sick, he would not die from being disconnected. Nevertheless, if you shoot him, then he dies of the bullet you have put in his brain, and not of his sickness. For even if he were well, he would still die of the damage done by the bullet. Moreover, you are not responsible for this man's sickness from his bad kidneys. If you were, you would have to let him use yours. However, you are, of course, responsible for the bullet in his brain, for the damage you caused to his body. Thus, supposing that the violinist does not have a right to be hooked up to you, still the case is that you may do whatever you want to him. Judith Thompson, stated, "The man has a right to his life," She focuses her attention on whether he has a right to what it would take to sustain his life. However, what she fails to notice, is that even if he does not have a right, this does not imply that whatever one does to him is morally permissible. In the same way-that the fetus does not have a right to use the woman's body unless she gives it to him-does not imply that whatever one does to the fetus is morally permissible. Rather, just as one may not stab the violinist in the throat or shoot him in the head, causing such severe damage to his body that death occurs, furthermore, one may not cut the fetus into pieces or poison him to death. Thus, all Judith Thompson can hope to infer from the violinist example is that one may "disconnect" oneself from the fetus providing one does not fatally damage his body in the process. This means that of the six methods of abortion only those cases of prostaglandin chemical abortion (where the woman's uterus is stimulated to contract and expel the fetus whole) in which the fetus is born alive and is not decapitated or fatally damaged by the violence of the contractions, and those cases of cesarean section abortion where the fetus dies of neglect rather than by the knife, that only these cases are possibly morally permissible types of abortion. Only those cases where the fetus is not fatally damaged by the procedure might be permissible (on Judith Thompson's showing), for only such procedures might be cases of "disconnecting" oneself from a person. The other methods of abortion, dilation and curettage, dilation and evacuation, suction or vacuum aspiration, and salt poisoning, cause the death of the fetus by dismembering him or by poisoning him, and therefore are parallel to cutting the

Consumer Decision

Consumer Decision Abstract The present report utilized secondary research and positivist research philosophy to critically evaluate two Consumer Decision-making Process (CDP) models – the Consumer Decision Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior –, with the aim to bring into the limelight the dark spots of the models when applied to the hospitality industry.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Consumer Decision-Making Models in Hospitality Contexts: An Evaluation Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Current literature, though anecdotal in scope and context, has illuminated the fact that many CDP models are vague, inconsistent, and assume an all-encompassing orientation, which constricts their effectiveness and efficacy in explaining post-modernism consumer behavior. Many of these models have been accused of being largely descriptive in nature and ascribing to a ‘phases-based’ school of thought that is no t in sync with today’s consumers and their behavior orientations. Upon analysis and critique of the sampled models, it has been demonstrated that these models may no longer be tenable in explaining behavior as they view consumers in a rather mechanistic approach and constrict behavior to rationalistic approaches, devoid of any interpretation relating to the consumer as a unique individual who desires to sample unique experiences in the hospitality industry. The models are vague in their explanation of why consumers must follow the noted phases, and fail to account for external factors that influence consumer behavior in the hospitality industry, such as globalization, hyperreality, and hedonistic consumption patterns. It is recommended that new paradigms must have the capacity to delineate how consumers find fulfillment through consumption, and how they develop creativity and express their individual capabilities through the consumption of services. Introduction The present p aper is an attempt to account for perceived vagueness, inconsistencies and all-encompassing orientations of consumer decision-making models by evaluating and critiquing two such models, namely the Consumer Decision Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). These models will be evaluated and analyzed within the services context, with particular reference to the hospitality industry.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the broad attention focused on the concept of consumer behavior (Dellaert et al 2012), and in spite of the obvious advantage generated by consumer decision-making models in providing conceptual frames of reference that make it easy to understand different consumer decision processes and marketing paradigms (Erasmus et al 2001), a large portion of these models continue to attract criticism from various quarters due to their perceived vaguenes s, broad generalizations, and an all-encompassing orientation (Lye et al 2005). Consequently, the ability for marketers to predict and understand consumer behavior and decision-making is still at a less than desirable level due to the inconsistencies and variances noted in these models. Consumer Behavior in Hospitality Industry Belch (1998) cited in Schiffman (2000) defines consumer behavior â€Å"†¦as the behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs† (p. 2). Modern research on consumer behavior no longer derives interest in viewing the consumer as a rational economic being; rather, marketing studies have introduced a range of factors and variables that act either independently or dependently to influence the consumer consumption patterns beyond the mere self-interested act of purchasing as proposed by rational economic theories (Lovelock Wirtz 2010; Bray n.d.). To this effect, the hospitality industry must focus on the ‘process nature’ of the service production process (Lovelock Wirtz 2010), the unique characteristics of services on offer (Tsiotsou Wirtz 2012), and the impact of these contextual variables on customer behavior (Pachauri 2002). Extant services literature (e.g., Williams 2006; Miljkovic Effertz 2010; Oh 1999) demonstrates that marketers in the hospitality industry are still faced with the problem of adopting or developing new paradigms for evaluating customer behavior and decision making, primarily because most of the players in this sector have an imperfect picture of their customer, while only a few have put in place the capacity and capability to monitor patterns of consumer behavior at a degree of detail essential to maintain a competitive edge. As noted by Bowie Buttle (2004), many hospitality organizations believe that there are adequately close to their clients due to the co-creation of the serv ice experience.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Consumer Decision-Making Models in Hospitality Contexts: An Evaluation Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, it becomes increasingly important for hospitality organizations to understand the major facets of consumer behavior and decision-making because consumption of services is basically typified as â€Å"process consumption†, where the production process is considered to form a fundamental component of service consumption and is not merely perceived as the outcome of a production process, as is the case in the traditional paradigms associated with the marketing of physical goods (Miljkovic Effertz 2010; Tsiotsou Wirtz 2012 ). Postmodern Consumerism within the Hospitality Industry Today, more than ever, the hospitality industry is increasingly encountering an era that is not guided by any dominant ideological orientation in consumption pat terns, but by pluralism of styles (Williams 2002). This is postmodern consumerism – a trend that is increasingly being reflected in a multiplicity of variables that drive consumer behavior, including advertising and promotions, product and service development, as well as branding (Firal et al 1995). Available literature demonstrates that postmodern consumerism in the hospitality industry is predominantly initiated by shifts in the social-cultural, psychological and technological domains, which generate new options for experiences and self-expression in consumption (Williams 2002). This section purposes to briefly describe some the factors that are associated with the new means of consumption, hence new approaches to consumer behavior Hedonism The increasing awareness of hedonic consumption among contemporary consumers has not only enhanced pleasure seeking behavior as the only intrinsic good but also luxury consumption to fulfill the variant needs of individuals (Williams 200 2). In the hospitality context, the postmodern consumer is embracing the richness of choice, traditions, and styles to sample products and services that will enable them to achieve the intrinsic good.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a direct consequence, however, it is increasingly becoming difficult for industry players to predict behavior since consumers are guided by the unconventional urge to experiment on new products and experiences (Firal et al 1995; Thomas 1997). Fragmentation of Markets Experiences The absence of a central ideology to guide postmodern consumption patterns gives rise to a multiplicity of norms, values, beliefs and lifestyles that are adhered to by individuals in the quest for unique products and services. To satisfy this rising demand for unique experiences, hospitality organizations are increasingly segmenting or fragmenting their product and service offerings (Firal et al 1995), making it increasingly difficult to objectively evaluate consumer behavior and decision making process. More importantly, the post-modernity orientation is on record for enhancing the production of smaller niche markets in fragmented dispositions, not only making it difficult to successfully evaluate behav ior using the current models but also eating into the profitability of hospitality organizations (Van Raaij 1993). Hyperreality of Products and Services The hospitality industry is abuzz with hyperreal experiences; that is, experiences that passed as real and authentic but they are, in context and scope, light and empty (Van Raaij 1993). Hyperrealism is largely driven by the insatiable appetite of consumers to enjoy disjointed experiences and moments of excitement, leading industry players to simulate some of the experiences and pass them as authentic and value-added events. For example, consumers visiting hospitality organizations such as the Disney World and popular theme hotels are made to believe in the physical surroundings, which are mere simulations in the image of hypes (Firal et al 1995). Globalization Globalization and convergence of technology have assisted to break down geographical barriers that fueled economic nationalism and chauvinism. Consumers are no longer consumi ng products and services based on their ethnic and cultural backgrounds (Van Raaij 1993), though some scholars still maintain consumption patterns are still predetermined by the consumer’s culture, and that globalization has no capacity to standardize consumer behavior (Firal et al 1995; Williams 2002). More importantly, the intangible nature of services within the hospitality industry necessitates comprehensive individualized marketing and customized services for the customer to experience the unique and superior value. In this context, it can be argued that the idea of global hospitality organizations to increasingly standardize and customize their products and service offerings is paradoxical in essence based on the fact that these organizations must deal with cultural variations that to a large extent influence consumer’s mind-sets and buying behaviors (Williams 2002). Brief Overview of Consumer Decision-Making Process Lye et al (2005) posit that consumer decision- making models are extensively employed in consumer behavior studies not only to structure theory and research but also to comprehend the contextual influences that come into play to influence consumer decision making. In a comparative assessment of the consumer decision-making process, Engel et al (1995) cited in Erasmus et al (2001) argue that â€Å"†¦a model is nothing more than a replica of the phenomena it is designed to present†¦It specifies the building blocks (variables) and the ways in which they are interrelated† (p. 83). Drawing upon this description, these authors argue that models should therefore have the capacity to provide conceptual frames of reference that assist individuals to grasp visually what transpires as variables and circumstances interrelate and shift. A number of academics, however, punch holes into the existing models of consumer decision-making process due to a multiplicity of weaknesses (Lovelock Wirtz 2012), which will be illuminated in subsequent sections of this paper, particularly in respect of their incongruent dynamics and operational deficiencies in the hospitality context. A strand of existing literature (e.g., Schiffman 2000; Lovelock Wirtz 2010) demonstrates that most paradigms of consumer decision-making presuppose that the consumer’s consumption decision process consists of precise phases through which the customer passes as they interact with the service. Indeed, a meta-analytic review of marketing literature (e.g., Bowie Buttle 2004; Lovelock Wirtz 2010; Pachauri 2002; Miljkovic Effertz 2010) confirms the most dominant phases a consumer passes through while making purchasing/consumption decisions to include: need identification; information search; appraisal of available alternatives; purchase/consumption decisions, and; post purchase decisions. Other researchers, however, argue that â€Å"†¦the process of consumer decision-making can be viewed as three distinct but interlocking sta ges: the input stage, the process stage and the output stage† (Schiffman 2000, p. 14). But, as acknowledged by Abdallat El-Emam (n.d.), the overreliance of phases in attempting to explain consumer decision making leads to generalizations of consumer behavior as not every consumer may wish to pass through all these stages when making purchasing/consumption decisions. Aim Objectives of the Study Aim To critically analyze and critique the two chosen models of Consumer Decision-making Process, namely the Consumer Decision Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior, with the view to determine the extent of their vagueness, inconsistency, and all-encompassing orientation when applied within the hospitality industry. Objectives The present paper is guided by the following objectives: To critically review extant literature on consumer behavior and decision-making process, particularly with reference to hospitality organizations; To identify, justify and critically analyze the two mod els of Consumer Decision-making Process selected for this study; To determine the extent or level of vagueness, inconsistency, and all-encompassing orientation of the two models as they relate to the hospitality industry; and To provide some alternatives and recommendations that could be used by industry players to better influence consumer behavior and decision making. Methodology Research Philosophy This report heavily relied on the positivist research philosophy and the deductive approach to critically analyze the selected models of Consumer Decision-making Process for vagueness, inconsistencies and typical all-encompassing orientations, with reference to contemporary hospitality industry. Positivism entails â€Å"†¦manipulation of reality with variations in only a single independent variable so as to identify regularities in, and to form relationships between, some of the constituent elements of the social world† (Research Methodology n.d., p. 3-1). Consequently, th e researcher evaluated facts from the more general to more specific using the deductive approach with the aim of drawing logical conclusions about the weaknesses of the discussed models from available literature (Burney 2008). Data Collection Relevant data and information for this study was collected through secondary research; that is, the researcher engaged in collecting information from third-party sources or information that had been previously collected for some other reason. Secondary research fits the demands and expectations of this study as it is not only easier and less costly to undertake, but it guides the researcher to effectively answer the research aim and objectives through the use of already existing materials (Thomas 1997). The research primarily utilized book resources, websites and peer-reviewed articles from a number of subscription databases, including Ebscohost and Emerald, to develop and analyze the relevant themes aimed at providing accurate responses to the research aim and objectives. Research Limitations The researcher was constrained by time and budgetary resources to undertake a comprehensive study that could have brought new insights into the important topic of consumer behavior and decision making process. It is widely believed that a broader engagement with secondary sources and, perhaps, undertaking primary research with hospitality stakeholders, could have resulted in a more comprehensive analysis of the models and more generalizable findings. However, this was not possible due to strict time-lines and budgetary constraints. Additionally the word limit for the study, which was capped at 4000 words, limited the researchers capacity to expansively detail some of the relevant concepts of consumer behavior and decision making, and compare the sampled models of consumer decision making process with other contemporary models to effectively assess the variations in vague conceptualizations and inconsistent content. Analysis Critiqu e Consumer Decision Model The Consumer Decision Model, also referred to as the Engel-Blackwell-Miniard Model, was initially developed in 1968 Engel, Kollat, and Blackwell, in their attempt to propose and explain the variables that come into play in informing consumer behavior and facilitating decision making (Erasmus et al 2001). As noted by Bray (n.d.), â€Å"†¦ the model is structured around a seven point decision process: need recognition followed by a search of information both internally and externally, the evaluation of alternatives, purchase, post purchase reflection and finally, divestment† (p. 15). This model further suggests that consumer decisions are influenced by two foremost aspects: â€Å"†¦firstly stimuli is received and processed by the consumer in conjunction with memories of previous experiences, and secondly, external variable in the form of either environmental influences or individual differences† (Bray n.d., p. 15-16). It is important t o note that the environmental factors acknowledged in the model include cultural orientation, social rank, personal influence, family, and situational context, while individual factors include consumer resource/capability, incentive and participation, level of knowledge, values and attitudes, as well as individual traits and lifestyle. In illuminating the model, it can be argued that entry to the model is through need identification, whereby the consumer actively acknowledges an inconsistency between their present state and some other pleasing choices. The framers of the model assume that the need recognition process is primarily stimulated â€Å"†¦by an interaction between processed stimuli inputs and environmental and individual variables† (Bray n.d., p. 17). After a specific consumption need has been acknowledged the consumer initializes the search for information, both internally through their deeply-held reminiscences of earlier experiences in hospitality organizati ons, and externally (Bowie Buttle 2004). The model presupposes that the intensity of information search is intrinsically reliant on the scope of problem solving, with novel or intricate consumption problems being subjected to far-reaching external information explorations, while simpler challenges may rely entirely on an unsophisticated internal exploration of prior behavior (Baig Khan 2010). Bray (n.d.) notes that information passes through five phases â€Å"†¦of processing before storage and use, namely: exposure, attention, comprehension, acceptance and retention† (p. 17). The model further posit that the consumer actively evaluates alternative consumption choices using the established set of beliefs, attitudes and consumption intentions (Erasmus et al 2001), with the evaluative process being primarily influenced by both environmental influences and individual influences (Bray n.d). Consequently, the model depicts ‘intention’ as the only precursor to co nsumption. While the environmental and individual variables are largely perceived to act on purchase/consumption behavior, Van Tonder (2003) cited in Bray (n.d.) notes that the term ‘situation’ is premeditated as an environmental variable though the factor is also not clearly defined. However, according to this scholar, the term may imply â€Å"†¦such factors as time pressure or financial limitations which could serve to inhibit the consumer from realizing their purchase intentions† (p. 17). The other phases entail the actual consumption of the service, followed by post-consumption assessment which grants feedback functionality to the consumer, especially in terms of undertaking future external explorations and belief/value formation (Bray n.d.; Erasmus et al 2002). When this model is critiqued under the lens of the hospitality industry, it draws its major strength in its potential to evolve ever since the original model was published some four decades ago, to at least encompass some of the variables and challenges facing the contemporary consumer in the hospitality industry (Bowie Buttle 2004). For instance, the model has been able to move away from its mechanistic approach of explaining consumer behavior to encompass modern concepts that influence consumer consumption patterns. Individual variables such as motivation and involvement, as well as environmental variables such as social class, family and situation (Bray n.d.), are better placed to explain how consumers interact with a particular food establishments, and even how such variables may influence return behavior and satisfaction. However, it is clear that many of these variables remain vague due limited theoretical background (Erasmus et al 2001), with a section of scholars arguing that the model is even unable to specify the exact cause and effect that relate to consumer behavior (Lovelock Wirtz 2010), while others note that it is too restrictive to sufficiently accommodate the variety of consumer decision situations in a hospitality environment characterized by shifting consumption patterns and ever increasing competitive pressures (Tsiotsou Wirtz 2012; Oh 1999). Foxal (1990) cited in Bray (n.d.) argues that the Consumer Decision Model avails a clear illustration of the consumption process, making it easy for marketers to internalize its dynamics to influence purchase behavior. The present paper challenges this perspective as consecutive research studies (e.g. Cave 2002; Kotler et al 1999; Bowie Buttle 2004) demonstrate that consumers, particularly in the hospitality industry, often engage in non-conscious behaviors that may not be modeled through a rational decision making paradigm. For example, the consumer may purchase a plate of food in an up market hotel, not because they engaged in pre-purchase evaluation of available alternatives to the hotel but due the fact that the servicescape of the facility blurred their conscious decision-making proce sses. Upon testing the Consumer Decision Model, Rau Samiee (1981) were of the opinion that the model is extraordinary in scope and range, but its factual vigor in explaining and justifying consumer behavior â€Å"†¦has been significantly obscured by the fact that most research efforts so far have only been directed toward specific segments of the model rather than at the model as a whole† (p. 300). In light of these assertions, it can only be argued that this model is not only inherently weak to be of much assistance to the service marketing practitioner but it lacks specificity and thus is difficult, if not impossible, to study and operationalize in hospitality settings. According to Bray (n.d.), the environmental and individual influences of Consumer Decision Model continue to draw â€Å"†¦criticism due to the vagueness of their definition and role within the decision process† (p.). For example, while the model clearly identifies and delineates environment al influences such as social class and family, it fails to explain the role of such influences in affecting behavior, giving room to vague generalizations. In the hospitality industry, it becomes even difficult to follow the direction of the influences as the model suggests since some variables are not diametrically ordered as is the case in the goods industry. Although the model suggests that the consumer has the capacity to decipher some experience attributes before purchasing a product (Erasmus et al 2002), it is increasingly difficult to validate such an assertion in the hospitality industry because most of the experience attributes cannot be evaluated before the actual consumption of the service (Lovelock Wirtz 2010). What’s more, experience attributes and individual motives for consumption in the hospitality industry relates more to issues of emotions and the role of heuristics in determining behavior. However, these issues are not adequately covered in the Consumer De cision Model as it only limits the role of individual motives to the process of need recognition (Erasmus et al 2002; Bray n.d.). Lastly, a widespread concern of the ‘analytic’ approaches such as the Consumer Decision Model regards the unobservable nature and scope of the many variables under consideration (Baig Khan 2010). Consequently, it may still be difficult to ascertain whether this particular model provides a precise representation of consumer behavior during consumption (Bowie Buttle 2004), and whether it has any predictive value in hospitality settings (Williams 2006). Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) The Theory of Planned Behavior (illustrated in Appendix 2) is an offshoot of the Prescriptive Cognitive Models that were first developed in the 1960s by researchers such as Fishbein and Bertram, who sought to primarily focus on beliefs and attitudes as principal determinants of consumer behavior and decision-making (Bowie Buttle 2004). The famous Fishbein model , for example, proposed that the consumer’s â€Å"†¦overall attitude toward an object is derived from his beliefs and feelings about various attributes of the object† (Bray n.d., p. 20). The TPB simply extends this perspective as it seeks to address the perceived overreliance on intentions (from rationalistic models) to predict consumer behavior (Rau Samiee 1981). From the illustration in Appendix 2, it is important to note that â€Å"†¦the construct perceived behavior control is formed by combining the perceived presence of factors that may facilitate or impede the performance of a behavior and the perceived power of each of these factors† (Bray n.d., p. 22). Actual behavioral control, which in normal cases is far challenging to accurately appraise, refers to the degree to which the individual has the expertise, assets, know-how, and other fundamentals required to exhibit a given behavior (Cave 2002). Perceived behavioral control, which functions as a substitute measure of the influence, is assessed and quantified through uniquely designed data collection instruments. The TPB also asserts that consumer behavioral intention is controlled by a forceful range of variables, including the consumer’s attitude and values, their prejudiced norms and beliefs, as well as their perceived behavioral control influences (Thompson et al 2009). As such, it can be argued that actual consumer behavior as explained by the TPB is derived largely from behavioral intention, but is controlled and mediated to some extent by perceived behavioral control mechanisms (Bowie Buttle 2004). The TPB, which has over the years evolved to become the dominant expectancy-value theory (Bray n.d.), has its own strengths and weaknesses when applied within the context of the hospitality industry. For example, it is a well known fact that many consumers form a perception of a particular restaurant or bar based on their beliefs and attitudes rather than intentio n. Consequently, it can be argued that this framework has the capacity to capture a substantial proportion of variance in the consumer’s decision to consume a particular service rather than over relying on the ‘intention attributes’ popularized by rationalistic models. Additionally, the theory not only avails predictive validity for its application in a varied range of hospitality scenarios as a direct consequence of its ability to convey subjective variables that influence the consumer’s consumption patterns (Cave 2002; Reid Bojanic 1988), but it is effective in providing prudential justification of the informational and motivational influences on consumer behavior. Lastly, on strengths, it can be argued that the TPB forms one of the easiest theories to understand and operationalize in hospitality settings. The TPB has been accused of projecting a vague orientation as it relies on the researcher’s ability to precisely recognize and enumerate all p rominent attributes that are considered by the consumer in forming their belief and attitude (Rau Samiee 1981; Neely et al 2010). Such an accurate identification and measurement of prominent consumer attributes is clearly impossible in the hospitality industry as the consumer is influenced by a multiplicity of both conscious and sub-conscious variables in considering what choice of food to order (Kotler et al 1999), or what choice of holiday experience to consider. Consequently, it can be argued that employing such a theory to evaluate consumer decision-making process in the hospitality industry borders on the optimistic. The TPB also relies on the presupposition that the consumer commences comprehensive cognitive processing before making a purchase (Dallaert et al 2012; Macinnis Folkes 2010). This presupposition does not hold much water in the hospitality industry as experience demonstrates that most consumers make spontaneous and emotional decisions in deciding where to go for l unch, or in deciding which hotel facility offers the best services. Consequently, â€Å"†¦the reliance on cognition appears to neglect any influence that could result from emotion, spontaneity, habit or as a result of cravings† (Bray n.d., p.24). It is indeed true that most consumers visiting hotels and restaurants for food and drinks for the behavior not necessarily from attitude evaluation as proposed in the theory, but from an overall affective response that is especially related to the facility, food or drink of choice. Conclusion Recommendations From this evaluation and critique, it is indeed clear that marketing professionals in hospitality organizations can no longer continue to employ insufficient marketing paradigms, such as the Consumer Decision Model and the theory of Planned Behavior, in their attempt to understand consumer behavior and decision making. Rather, they need to refocus their energies on evolving these theories and models to portray consumers as emotional beings, focused on achieving pleasurable experiences, creating identities, and developing a sense of belonging through consumption (Williams 2006). The new paradigms, it is widely believed, must also have the capacity to delineate how consumers find fulfillment through consumption, and how they develop creativity and express their individual capabilities through the consumption of services. Reference List Abdallat, M.M.A El-Emam, H.E n.d., Consumer behavior models in tourism. Web. Baig, E Khan, S 2010. ‘Emotional satisfaction and brand loyalty in hospitality industry’, International Bulletin of Business Administration, vol. 11 no. 7, pp. 62-66. Bowie, D Buttle, F 2004, Hospitality marketing, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Bray, J n.d., Consumer behavior theory: Approaches and models, http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/10107/1/Consumer_Behaviour_Theory_-_Approaches_%26_Models.pdf Burney, S.M.A 2008, Inductive deductive research approach, drburney.net/INDUCTIV E%20%20DEDUCTIVE%20RESEARCH%20APPROACH%2006032008.pdf Cave, S 2002, Consumer behavior in a week, Hodder Stoughton, London. Dellaert, Benedict G.C Haubl, G 2012, ‘Searching in search mode: Consumer decision processes in product search with recommendations’, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 49 no. 2, pp. 277-288. Erasmus, A.C, Boshof, E Roesseau, G.G 2001, ‘Consumer decision-making models within the discipline of consumer science: A critical approach’, Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences, vol. 29 no. 3, pp. 82-90. Firal, A.F, Dholakia, N Vankatesh, A 1995, ‘Marketing in a postmodern world’, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 29 no. 1, pp. 40-56. Kotler, P, Bown, J Markens, J 1999, Marketing for hospitality and tourism, 2nd Ed, Prentice Hall, London. Lovelock, C Wirtz, J 2010, Services marketing, 7th Ed, Prentice Hall, London. Lye, A, Shao, W, Rundle-Thiele, S Fausnaugh, C 2005, ‘Decision waves: Consumer decisions in t oday’s complex world’, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 39 no. 1, pp. 216-230. Macinnis, D.J Folkes, V.S 2010, ‘The disciplinary status of consumer behavior: A sociology of science perspective on key controversies’, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 36 no. 6, pp. 899-914. Miljkovic, D Effertz, C 2010, ‘Consumer behavior in food consumption: Reference process approach’, British Food Journal, vol. 112 no. 1, pp. 32-43. Neely, C.R, Min, K.S Kennett-Hensel, P.A 2010, ‘Contingent consumer decision making in the wine industry: The role of hedonic orientation’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 27 no. 4, pp. 324-335. Oh, H 1999, ‘Service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer value: A holistic perspective’, Hospitality Management, vol. 18 no. 2, pp. 67-82. Pachauri, M 2002, ‘Consumer behavior: A literature review’, The Marketing Review, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 319-335. Rau, P Samiee, S 1981, ‘Mod els of consumer behavior: The state of the art’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 9 no. 3, pp. 300-316. Reid, R.D Bojanic, D.C 1988, ‘Hospitality marketing management, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Research Methodology n.d., is.cityu.edu.hk/staff/isrobert/phd/ch3.pdf Schiffman, L.G 2000, Consumer behavior, Pearson Education Australia, Belmont, WA. Thomas, M.J 1997, ‘Consumer market research: Does it have validity/some postmodern thoughts’, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 15 no. 2, pp. 54-59. Thompson, D.V, Hamilton, R.W Petrova, P.K 2009, ‘When mental simulation hinders behavior: The effects of process-oriented thinking on decision difficulty and performance’, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 36 no. 4, pp. 562-574. Tsiotsou, R.H Wirtz, J 2012, â€Å"Consumer behavior in service context†, In V. Wells G. Foxall (eds), Handbook of Developments in Consumer Behavior, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Northampton, MA, pp. 147-201. Van Raaij, W.F 1993, ‘Postmodern consumption’, Journal of Economic Psychology, vol. 14 no. 3, pp. 541-563. Williams, A 2002, Understanding the hospitality consumer, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford Williams, A 2006, ‘Tourism and hospitality marketing: Fantasy, feeling and fun’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 18 no. 6, pp. 482-495. Appendix Appendix 1: Consumer Decision Model Appendix 2: Theory of Planned Behavior

Rhetorical Analysis Essay(William Gibson-cyberpunk) Essay

Rhetorical Analysis (William Gibson-cyberpunk) - Essay Example According to Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, Gernberk’s stories were described as ‘hackneyed adventure tales in which heroes outfitted in dubious space metal wrecked alien words and rescued space maidens’ (New Grolier Multimedia encyclopedia 112). The popularity of the Amazing stories led to new entrants in the 1920s and 1930s to include, Science wonder stories, Wonder stories and Astounding stories. It was Campbell’s work which gave a credible representation of science fiction on how technology has an impact on individuals as well as their cultures through complex narrative techniques as well as exhaustive approaches to subject matters. His works have been regarded as the golden age of science fiction under which science fiction writers such as Robert A. Heinlein, Theordore Sturgeon and Isaac Asimov flourished. Major themes of science fiction are listed by Grolier as robots, alternate worlds, faster- than- light travel, the seeding of the galaxies by the humans and aliens and its many astonishing consequences and the full range of possibilities presented by the nuclear power. The impact of technology on everyday lives and on the planet’s fate became more dominant in science fiction from the 1950s onwards. Most notable development was the New Wave associated with authors such as Brian Aldiss and J.G Ballard whose focus was on topical issues such as environmental depletion, urban overcrowding, and how technology relates to drug abuse, crime and sexuality. The new wave in some aspects introduces cyberpunk’s attention to the impact of technology on the present no less than on the future an important component which features in William Gibson’s works and his contemporaries – that of computer technology. This continuous intermingling of reality and fiction has depicted science fiction as a means of sharpening the awareness of a people to their reality by de-familiarizing it through imaginations and fantasies (Heuser